For a high level overview of this and other Manitoba Hydro projects see [[Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba]].

==Background==
As of 2015, a significant amount of the province’s electricity is produced by five hydroelectric generating stations located on the Nelson River in northern Manitoba. The electricity generated must travel over a long distance to southern Manitoba where most of the electricity demand is located. It is more efficient and economical to transmit electricity over such long distances as Direct Current (DC) than Alternating Current (AC) (see Background on the planning of the [[HVdc Transmission]]). A high percentage of the existing generation is connected to two northern converter stations which convert the AC electricity coming from the generating stations to DC electricity for transmission to southern Manitoba. Once there, the DC electricity is converted back to AC electricity. The southern converter station then uses transformers to step down the voltage for distribution to customers.

==Location==
Bipoles I and II transmission lines follow a 556 mi (895 km) route from the Town of Gillam southward through the Interlake region. Bipole I has its northern terminus at the Radisson Converter Station (CS) near the Town of Gillam. Bipole II extends another 26 mi (42 km) northeast to the Henday Converter Station (CS). The southern terminus of both transmission lines is the Dorsey Converter Station (CS), northwest of the City of Winnipeg.

==Components==
Components of the existing HVdc transmission system are:

* Bipoles I and II (±500kV HVdc transmission lines);
* Radisson Converter Station; and
* Henday Converter Station.

===Bipoles I and II===
The HVdc transmission lines are a set of bipolar transmission systems called Bipole I and Bipole II. The term bipole refers to a positive (+) pole and a negative (−) pole on each Bipole transmission line. Each pole is further comprised of two 1.5 inches (4 cm) diameter conductors that are supported by steel transmission towers as shown in Photos 1 and 2.

Bipoles I and II deliver over 70% of the generating capacity from the Nelson River in northern Manitoba to southern Manitoba.

[[File:HVDC 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 1: Bipoles I and II Right-of-Way]]

[[File:HVDC 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.0|Photo 2: Bipoles I and II Typical Guyed Tower]]

====Bipoles I and II Project Data====
* Length of lines:
** Bipole I: 556 mi (895 km)
** Bipole II: 582 mil (937 km)
* Towers:
** Quantity: 4,103
** Height: 111 ft (33.8 m) to 155 ft (47.2 m)
** Average height: 125 ft (38 m)
** Distance between towers: 1,400 ft (427 m) to 1,600 ft (488 m)
** Right-of-way: width 449 ft (137 m)
** Distance between lines I and II: 245 ft (74.7) m
** Clearing: 41.7 mi2 (108 km2)

===Radisson Converter Station===
An aerial view of the Radisson CS is shown in Photo 3. The Radisson CS is the northern terminus of Bipole I and is located 1.2 mi (2 km) south of the Kettle Generating Station (GS) and about 460 mi (740 km) north of the City of Winnipeg by air (Map 1). It converts the AC electricity produced at the nearby Kettle GS and Long Spruce GS on the Nelson River to DC electricity for transmission south to the Dorsey CS. The Dorsey CS converts the power back to AC electricity then uses transformers to step down the voltage for distribution to customers.

[[File:HVDC 3.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 3: Radisson Converter Station]]

[[File:HVDC Transmission System Map 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Map 1: Radisson Converter Station General Arrangement]]

====Radisson Principal Structures====
AC switchyard: The electricity produced at the Kettle GS and one-half of that produced at Long Spruce GS enters Radisson CS at its 138 kV switchyard. The switchyard which contains the high voltage breakers, disconnect switches, and AC filters directs the incoming AC power to the converter transformers.

Converter transformer area: The converter transformer changes the AC voltage to the required voltage level for the DC conversion equipment.

Valve halls: At the heart of the converter process are the converter valves, which are located in the valve halls within the converter building which also contains the maintenance shops, the control, mechanical, and electrical rooms.

HVDC switchyard: Electricity converted to DC leaves Radisson CS from the HVDC switchyard and is transmitted south to Dorsey CS. This switchyard contains the necessary switches for isolation or connection of the poles from and to the DC transmission lines.

===Henday Converter Station===
The Henday CS (Photo 4; Map 2) is the northern terminus for Bipole II. It is located next to the Limestone GS and is 26 mi (42 km) northeast of the Radisson CS.

[[File:HVDC 5.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 4: Henday Converter Station]]

[[File:HVDC Transmission System Map 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Map 2: Henday Converter Station]]

====Henday Principal Structures====
AC switchyard: All of the electricity produced at the Limestone GS and one half of that produced at the Long Spruce GS enters Henday CS through its 230 kV switchyard, where the incoming AC electricity is directed to converter transformers.

Converter transformer area: The converter transformer changes the AC voltage to the required voltage level for the DC conversion equipment.

Valve Halls: The actual conversion process takes place in the valve halls. They are located in the converter building, which also contains the maintenance shops, the control, mechanical, and electrical rooms.

HVDC switchyard: Electricity converted from AC to DC at Henday CS is transmitted south to Dorsey CS via the DC transmission line. The switchyard contains the necessary switches to shut off the current if Bipole II is not working, or to switch the current over to Bipole I, if enough room is available to carry the current.

===Supporting Infrastructure===
====Radisson Converter Station====
Main access to the region during construction was by the Hudson Bay Railway line (now HBR; Canadian Pacific Railway (CNR) at the time) which had a rail station and siding at the Town of Gillam. A 0.6 mi (1 km) rail spur was added near the Kettle GS site to the Radisson CS site as part of construction. A new 4.4 mi (7 km) permanent gravel road was built from the Town of Gillam to the Kettle GS site and the Radisson CS site to link these projects to the community. The Town of Gillam was not connected to the provincial road network until after completion of the projects. The community has had a permanent airstrip since 1967, which was used as required during construction.

====Henday Converter Station====
Access to the site was by a 14 mi (23 km) extension of the permanent gravel access road at the Long Spruce GS and a 1.5 mi (2.5 km) rail spur from the Hudson Bay Railway line (now HBR; CNR at the time) to the Henday site. The access road was not connected to the provincial road network until just after completion of the converter station.

==Construction==
===Bipole I===
Construction on Bipole I started in 1968 and was completed in 1971. Routing of the line included large tracks of muskeg country, providing difficulties for construction. For economic reasons, construction of the line had to be undertaken during winter months when the ground was frozen to allow for the passage of heavy equipment.

===Radisson Converter Station===
Construction on the Radisson CS began in 1967 and was completed in 1977. The converter station was not ready when the first units at the Kettle GS were commissioned in the fall of 1970 so the DC line was used to transmit AC power to the south until early 1971 when the Radisson CS began operation. After 1978 the Radisson CS began converting power for half of the Long Spruce GS.

===Bipole II===
The Bipole II transmission line was previously constructed along with the Bipole I transmission line as far north as the Radisson CS. Construction of the 26 mi (42 km) extension of the Bipole II transmission line to the new Henday CS started in 1977. The first stage of Bipole II was complete in 1978 and the second stage was completed in 1985. In 1992 a 6 mi (9 km) Bipole II back-up loop originating at the Henday CS was constructed.

===Henday Converter Station===
Construction started in 1970. It began transforming power from the Long Spruce GS in 1978 and from the Limestone GS in 1990.

===Construction Infrastructure===
====Bipole I & II====
Various temporary mobile construction camps and access trails on or adjacent to the transmission line right-of-ways were used for the construction of Bipoles I and II.

====Radisson Convertor Station====
The temporary construction camp for the Kettle GS was used for the Radisson CS. Work areas were established near the Radisson CS site. The workforce commuted from the Kettle GS camp to the Radisson CS site on a daily basis and lived there for several weeks at a time and travelled to their homes during their days off. A 79 mi (127 km) 138 kV transmission line was built from the Kelsey GS to the Radisson CS site to provide construction power for both the Radisson CS and the Kettle GS. To achieve this, short tie-ins from the line provided electrical power to the Kettle GS construction site and nearby Town of Gillam, which was about to undergo a major expansion.

====Henday Convertor Station====
No on site construction camp was created as the workforce commuted from the Long Spruce GS construction camp. A 21.5 mi (34.6 km) extension of the 138 kV transmission line (KN36) called the Kettle Station Tap to the Limestone GS was built from the Kettle GS to the Henday Construction power station to provide construction power for both the Henday CS and ultimately for the Limestone GS.

==Operations==
Access: The Provincial Road (PR) 280 to the Long Spruce area was constructed at the end of construction of the Long Spruce GS. It connected with the existing permanent roads used for construction of the Kettle GS, the Long Spruce GS, the Radisson CS and the Henday CS to become part of the provincial road network as seen today. PR 280 now goes to the Town of Gillam and the segment from the Long Spruce GS turnoff to the Limestone GS/Henday CS area is now designated as PR 290.

Communication System: An essential component of the HVdc transmission line system is a complex high-performance communications system that is used to protect and control the HVdc Transmission System. Prior to 2004, the communication system consisted of two microwave systems each linking the Radisson and Henday converter stations in the north to the Dorsey CS in southern Manitoba. This dual route microwave system was operated to protect and control the HVdc Transmission System and other facilities in the north, such as the Grand Rapids, Jenpeg, and Kelsey generating stations.

One of the microwave systems follows a route through Manitoba’s Interlake corridor while the other was located on the east side of Lake Winnipeg. In October 2004, Manitoba Hydro replaced the east of Lake Winnipeg microwave system with a new fibre optic cable system installed in the Interlake corridor. This new fibre optic cable works alongside the remaining Interlake digital microwave system, providing enhanced reliable communications for all major substations and generating stations along the 653 mi (1,050 km) route as well as facilitating voice and data communications at district offices and other Manitoba Hydro facilities.

==Rehabilitation==
Radisson Converter Station: The former construction waste disposal ground was investigated in early 2001, with a subsurface drilling investigation (Phase II Environmental Site Assessment) conducted later in 2001 and into 2002. Groundwater monitoring and sampling has been conducted on an annual basis since 2002.

==References==
Manitoba Hydro & the Province of Manitoba, December 2015, ''Regional Cumulative Effects Assessment Phase II: Part II Hydroelectric Development Project Description in the Region of Interest''. Retrieved April 1 2016 from, https://www.hydro.mb.ca/docs/regulatory_affairs/pdf/rcea/rcea_phase2_part_ii_hydroelectric_development_project_description.pdf

The Keystone Professional

2022-10-29T21:27:19Z

AJP: Updated link from apegm.mb.ca to enggeomb.ca

Limestone Generating Station

2022-10-29T21:25:12Z

AJP: Fixed broken link to RCEA paper

For a high level overview of this and other hydro projects see [[Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba]].

==Background and Construction==
Background Studies in the 1960s and early 1970s envisioned a four phase development at Kettle Rapids and downstream, namely the sites at Kettle Rapids, Long Spruce Rapids, Lower Limestone Rapids and Gillam Island, to harness the abundant hydroelectric potential of the Nelson River. The first phase of development included the following components:

* a generating station at Kettle Rapids;
* a High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission line from Kettle Rapids to the City of Winnipeg;
* control works to divert the Churchill River into the Nelson River via the Burntwood River; and
* control works to regulate the outflow of Lake Winnipeg into the Nelson River.

The second phase of development included the Long Spruce Generating Station (GS) which was Manitoba Hydro’s fourth generating station built on the Nelson River. The third phase of development included the Limestone GS.

==Location==
The Limestone GS is located at a site previously known as Limestone Rapids or Upper Limestone Rapids (Photo 1), upstream of where the Limestone River empties into the Nelson River. It is approximately 14 mi (23 km) immediately downstream of the Long Spruce GS, 34 mi (55 km) from the Town of Gillam and 466 mi (750 km) north of the City of Winnipeg.

[[file:Limestone 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 1: Upper Limestone Rapids Looking Downstream at the North Shore, 1976]]

==Initial Construction==
Prior to the commencement of construction on the Limestone GS, a number of supporting infrastructure components were constructed as part of the adjacent Henday CS (see [[HVDC Transmission System]]). A permanent gravel access road and a construction power line were extended from the Long Spruce GS area to the Limestone GS area in the early 1970’s, with the road later becoming PR 290. A rail spur from the Hudson Bay Railway line (now HBR; Canadian National Railway [CNR] at the time) near the community of Bird (now Fox Lake Cree Nation [FLCN]) was also constructed to the Henday CS site. Construction of the Limestone GS Stage I cofferdam began in 1976. However, while the cofferdam construction was underway and nearly complete in 1978 (Photo 2), construction of the Limestone GS was suspended indefinitely by Manitoba Hydro as a result of a lower than expected forecast in the provincial demand for electricity. Cessation of the Limestone GS construction brought to an end the busiest period of electrical development activity ever to occur in Manitoba.

[[file:Limestone 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 2: Stage I Cofferdam Construction – 1978]]

==Reinitiated Construction==
In August 1985 construction of the Limestone GS was resumed by Manitoba Hydro as a result of the approval by the National Energy Board for an export sale for up to 500 MW of firm power from 1993 to 2005 to the Northern States Power Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota. As a result of the initial construction activities between 1976 and 1978, the project was able to re-commence development work directly on the principal structures as much of the supporting infrastructure required for construction activities was already in place.

A new rail spur extending the Henday rail spur was added to the Limestone GS work area. There was an airstrip in the community of Bird for some portions of the project but it was not used for construction. The temporary construction camp, work areas, a temporary townsite named Sundance, and the opening of the Limestone River Quarry as a source of rock fill for the Stage I cofferdam were re-established. The entire construction workforce either lived in camp or in the Sundance townsite. Those living in camp stayed for several weeks at a time and travelled to their homes during their days off. Solid waste was disposed of at a local solid waste disposal site and wastewater was treated at a local lagoon.

The Stage I cofferdam constructed in 1978 was originally designed to an elevation of 70.0 m above sea level. During the period from 1979 to 1985 this cofferdam was overtopped on two occasions due to high water levels caused by ice jams (Photo 3). This new information led to the requirement to increase the height of the Stage I cofferdam to a nominal elevation of 73.0 m prior to re-commencing construction (Figure 1). The materials for construction came from local areas, rock came from the Limestone River Quarry and the site excavations, granular and impervious materials came from local borrow areas.

[[file:Limestone 3.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 3: Nelson River Overtopping the Stage I Cofferdam – 1979]]

[[File:Limestone Figure 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Figure 1: Limestone Generating Station during Construction]]

The generating station was constructed in two primary stages, the first being the construction of the north dam, the powerhouse, and the spillway all contained within the Stage I cofferdam (Photo 4). The second stage began with the full closure of the river, the diversion of water through the spillway, and the completion of the south dam across the river (Photo 5). Following five years of construction activity the first unit went into service in 1990, with the station becoming fully operational by 1992 when the tenth and final unit went into service.

[[file:Limestone 5.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 4: Principal Works Construction – 1987]]

[[file:Limestone 6.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 5: Stage II Closure – 1989]]

==Project Components==
===Principal Works===
The generating station spans a total of 0.8 mi (1.3 km ) across the Nelson River and consists of a closecoupled intake/powerhouse with ten generating units, concrete wing walls, two main earthfill dams (north and south) and a seven-bay gated spillway (Photos 6, 7; Map 1).

[[file:Limestone 7.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 6: Limestone Generating Station Area – Looking South]]

[[file:Limestone 8.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 7: Limestone Generating Station – 2009]]

[[File:Limestone Map 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Map 1: Limestone Generating Station General Arrangement]]

===Project Data===
* Turbine generator units:
** Type: 10 vertical-shaft fixed-blade propeller turbines
** Capacity: 1350 MW (63rd Annual Report, March 2014)
* Powerhouse:
** Length: 948.2 ft (268.5 m)
** Waterfall drop (head): 120.5 ft (31.2 m)
** Discharge capacity: 176,573 ft3/s (5,000 m3/s)
* Main dams (North and South dams):
** Length: North Dam = 230 ft ( 70.0 m); South Dam = 2,362 ft (720 m)
** Maximum Height: North and South dams = 131 ft (40.0 m)
* Spillway:
** Number of bays: 7
** Length (7 bays): 444.9 ft (113 m)
** Discharge capacity: 339,021 ft3/s (9,600 m3/s)
* Reservoir/forebay elevation:
** Full supply level: (Maximum Operating Forebay Elevation, Open Water) - 279.9 ft (85.313 m)
** Normal minimum operating forebay elevation: 270.0 ft (82.296 m)
** Flooded Area: 0.8 mi2 (2.1 km2)

===Transmission Components===
In conjunction with the construction of the Limestone GS two transmission projects were undertaken, and are described below.

====Related Transmission====
A 25 mi (40 km) 138 kV transmission line was built in 1989 from the Radisson Converter Station to the Limestone GS to act as an emergency backup to the generating station.

====Generation Outlet Transmission====
The Limestone GS outlet transmission consists of five 138 kV transmission lines built in 1990 from the Limestone GS to the existing Henday Converter Station. This allowed the power to be moved from the Limestone GS onto the High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission system to southern Manitoba.

==Mitigation and Rehabilitation==
As part of the re-initiation of construction activities for the Limestone GS, the project underwent the first environmental assessment for a Nelson River generating station. The environmental assessment included consultation with the Town of Gillam and the FLCN. Most of the recommendations for monitoring potential adverse effects on the biophysical environment and enhancing beneficial effects to the local area were implemented during project construction and operation. Only minimal mitigation was recommended because the environmental effects of the project were assessed to be minimal, largely because the Limestone GS resulted in a relatively small amount of flooding. Select borrow areas underwent pilot revegetation initiatives.

The Limestone/Bird waste disposal ground was in use until approximately 1999. The site was cleaned up to meet regulatory requirements in 2000 and Manitoba Hydro planned to transfer the site to the FLCN, however, the transfer has not been finalized.

==Operations==
Access: Access to the site is by PR 290, which was designated as a provincial road following construction. The rail spur line, stores work area, and various buildings remaining from construction continue to be used for operational purposes.

Workforce: The station has approximately 30 to 35 staff comprised of the following: operating staff, maintenance staff (electrical, mechanical, utility), support staff (administration, stores) and supervisory staff. The operators are located on site for 24 hours per day, seven days per week. The remaining of the maintenance staff are on site during normal business hours during the weekdays. The majority of the staff working at the Limestone GS drive in from the Town of Gillam. There are no staff accommodations on site at the Limestone GS. Additional support and technical services are located in the nearby Town of Gillam.

Public Safety: The Limestone GS has a portage around the site and the following public safety features:

* A water release siren is used before adjusting discharge to warn the public in the area;
* Life rings are provided at the spillway; and
* Warning signs are provided (in English and Cree) at site to warn the public of: dangerous swift moving waters, steep drop off, overhead power lines, stay off Ice, falling ice, slippery rocks, and rapidly changing water conditions.

Water Regime: The Limestone GS is operated as a run-of-river generating station with flow patterns matching water releases from the Long Spruce GS upstream, which are driven by water releases at the Kettle GS further upstream. The Kettle GS is operated with a daily and weekly cycling pattern that allows Manitoba Hydro to match energy production to consumption patterns. For more details on the Limestone GS, the Long Spruce GS, and the Kettle GS operations and their effects on the water regime, see Water Regime, Sections 4.3.4.3 and 4.3.4.4.

License: Manitoba Hydro operates the Limestone GS in accordance with a Province of Manitoba Water Power Act license. For further information see the Manitoba Government Water Power Licensing website at: http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/licensing/water_power_licensing.html.

==Rehabilitation==
The facilities built during construction were not totally decommissioned following construction. Several facilities remain and are used for operations or as potential future work areas. There has been some restoration work undertaken in the surrounding borrow areas. The former metal waste disposal ground was decommissioned in 1995.

==References==
Manitoba Hydro & the Province of Manitoba, December 2015, ''Regional Cumulative Effects Assessment Phase II: Part II Hydroelectric Development Project Description in the Region of Interest''. Retrieved April 1 2016 from, https://www.hydro.mb.ca/docs/regulatory_affairs/pdf/rcea/rcea_phase2_part_ii_hydroelectric_development_project_description.pdf

Grosvenor House

2022-10-29T21:06:07Z

AJP: http to https change on obit for Don Elliot

== Overview ==
Grosvenor House Apartment Building is located at 811 Grosvenor Avenue in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Grosvenor House is an eight story apartment building with a precast concrete frame and floor system.

==When==
Built in 1960. At the time it was the tallest all-precast concrete building in Canada. It continues to serve as a residential condominium building.

==Where==
Grosvenor House is located in the vicinity of Osborn Village, River Heights, and the Corydon Strip in south Winnipeg.
{{#display_map:811 Grosvenor Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | height= 300px| width= 400px}}

==Why==
The precast concrete industry was emerging in Manitoba. The City of Winnipeg building permitting authority had just accepted precast concrete as building system, and an alternate to the original cast-in-place design was developed. The innovation of the project highlighted the versatility, economy, use of local products and potential of precast concrete for the building industry of Manitoba at a time when development was vital to the Province.

==How==
The consulting structural engineer was L. Cazaly on the basis of an architectural design prepared by Libling Michener and Associates (Leslie J. Stechesen). The precast concrete was fabricated and erected by Building Products & Coal Ltd. of Winnipeg (later PRECO, later Con-Force, and now Armtec).

==Building Details==
<gallery>
File:GrosvenorHouseF1.jpg|General arrangement and detail of the precast concrete sections
File:GrosvenorHouseF2.jpg|Details of the column splices, spandrel connection and floor system
File:GrosvenorHouseF3.jpg|General view of the completed precast concrete work
</gallery>

==Key players==
*Don Elliot https://passages.winnipegfreepress.com/passage-details/id-205551/name-Donald_Elliott/
*L. Cazaly

==References==

Web links:
*https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/811-grosvenor-avenue/ accessed 15 May 2014
*https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/leslie-stechesen/ accessed 15 May 2014
*https://archiseek.com/2012/1961-grosvenor-house-winnipeg/#.U3UJfdK2h8E accessed 15 May 2014

Wuskwatim Generating Station

2022-10-29T21:03:32Z

AJP: Fixed broken link to RCEA paper

For a high level overview of this and other hydro projects see [[Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba]].

==Background==
The Wuskwatim GS location was identified by Manitoba Hydro as a potential hydroelectric development site following the implementation of the Churchill River Diversion (CRD) in 1966. The site became a higher potential resource option once the CRD began operating in 1976. The project was committed to in the summer of 2006 to meet the needs of continued load growth following a rigorous regulatory review process. The Wuskwatim GS was developed, and is owned by, the Wuskwatim Power Limited Partnership (WPLP) a legal entity involving Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) and Manitoba Hydro. Manitoba Hydro operates the Wuskwatim GS as part of the Manitoba power grid on behalf of WPLP.

==Location==
The Wuskwatim Generating Station (GS) is located at a site previously known as Taskinigup Falls (Photo 1) on the Burntwood River, one mile (1.6 km) downstream of Wuskwatim Falls, which is the natural outlet of Wuskwatim Lake. The Wuskwatim GS is approximately 23 mi (37 km) southeast of community of Nelson House and 28 mi (45 km) southwest of the City of Thompson.

[[file:Wuskwatim 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 1: Pre-Construction Looking Upstream toward Wuskwatim Lake, 2007]]

==Project Components==
===Principal Works===
Wuskwatim GS spans a total of 0.4 mi (0.6 km) across the Burntwood River and consists of a closecoupled intake/powerhouse with three units, a non-overflow concrete dam, a concrete wing wall, a main dam, a dyke to contain the immediate forebay, and a three-bay gated spillway (Photo 2; Map 1). The immediate forebay is the area between generating station principal works and Wuskwatim Falls. The immediate forebay area and Wuskwatim Lake together form a reservoir that is typically referred to as the forebay. Channel improvements were undertaken at Wuskwatim Falls to increase the outflow capability of the lake.

[[file:Wuskwatim 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 2: Wuskwatim Generation Station – looking Upstream]]

[[File:Wuskwatim Map 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Map 1: General Arrangement]]

===Project Data===
* Turbine Generator Units:
** Type: 3 vertical shaft fixed blade propeller turbines
** Capacity: 214 MW (63rd Annual Report, Mar. 2014)
* Powerhouse:
** Length: 246.16 ft (75.03 m)
** Waterfall drop: 70.2 ft (21.4 m)
** Discharge capacity: 38,846 ft3/s (1,100 m3/s)
* Main Dam:
** Length: 1,056 ft (322 m)
** Maximum height: 46.3 ft (14.1 m)
* Spillway:
** Number of bays: 3
** Length (of all bays): 141.08 ft (43.0 m)
** Discharge capacity: 81,577 ft3/s (2,310 m3/s)
* Reservoir/Forebay Elevation:
** Full supply level (maximum): 767.71 ft (234.0 m)
** Normal minimum operating forebay elevation: 766.89 ft (233.75 m)
** Flooded Area: 0.1 mi2 (0.4 km2)

===Supporting Infrastructure===
Access to the Wuskwatim GS site is from the north via a 29.8 mi (48 km) permanent gravel access road from PR 391, approximately 32 km west of the City of Thompson.

===Generation Outlet Transmission===
Development of the Wuskwatim GS required the development of new transmission lines and transmission stations in order to deliver the generated electricity into the existing transmission system. The points of connection are to a new Birchtree Station at the City of Thompson and to the existing Herblet Lake Station north of the community of Snow Lake.

The new transmission facilities include the following:

* a new 230 kilovolt (kV) switching station at the Wuskwatim GS site;
* a new switching station (Birchtree Station), just south of the City of Thompson;
* a new 230 kV transmission line (W76B) to connect the Wuskwatim Switching Station to the Birchtree Station. This line was the first built and was initially used to provide construction power for development of the proposed generating station (Figure 1);
* two new 230 kV transmission lines (W73H and W74H) between the Wuskwatim Switching Station and the existing Herblet Lake Station, to the north of the community of Snow Lake (Figure 1); and
* a new 230 kV transmission line from the Herblet Lake Station to the Rall’s Island Station at The Pas.

[[file:Wuskwatim 7.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Figure 1: Illustrations of Transmission Lines and Clearing Requirements]]

==Construction==
===Principle Structures===
Construction began in 2006 when clearing for the site access road and start-up camp got underway. Over a two year period, the access road was constructed, borrow areas were developed, and the site construction camp built adjacent to the future location of the generating station.

Work on the generating station began in late 2007 with the opening up of a rock quarry, impervious and granular borrow areas, and construction of cofferdams to isolate the area for the spillway, powerhouse and exit channels to be built. River diversion through the completed spillway structure took place in 2010, allowing for construction of the Stage II cofferdams and the permanent main dam across Taskinigup Falls (Photo 3). The stations three generating units went into commercial service between June and October 2012 (Photo 4).

All of the construction workforce lived in camp for several weeks at a time and travelled to their homes during their days off. Decommissioning of construction facilities and restoration of the site continued through 2013 and 2014.

[[file:Wuskwatim 5.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 3: Stage II Diversion - Construction of the Main Dam]]

[[file:Wuskwatim 6.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 4: Powerhouse and Spillway Looking Upstream]]

===Construction Infrastructure===
A temporary construction camp and work areas (Photo 5) were established near the site. The construction camp comprised of accommodations for upwards of 840 workers, a dining complex, a recreation centre, and a lounge. Construction power was brought in by pre-building the 230 kV transmission line (W76B) from the City of Thompson (Birchtree Station to Wuskwatim Switching Station) and would ultimately be used as outlet transmission once the project was complete.

[[file:Wuskwatim 4.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 5: Construction Work Areas]]

==Operations==
Access: Access to the site is by the construction road, which was used to build the project and connect the site to PR 391. The access road is private and is not part of the provincial road network. A security gate near the intersection of the access road and PR391 limits access to the area to those authorized. The site is approximately a one-hour drive from the City of Thompson. There is no landing strip at the site for fixed-wing aircraft; however several landing areas are present to permit helicopter access.

Workforce: The station has approximately 10 staff comprised of the following: operating staff, maintenance staff (electrical, mechanical, utility), support staff (administration, stores) and supervisory staff. The workforce arrive at the Wuskwatim GS from various locations within the province. The workforce is split into two shifts who work an eight days on/six days off schedule, allowing the station to be fully staffed every day between 0700h and 1800h. After hours, the System Control Centre located in the City of Winnipeg monitors alarms within the station and calls out operating staff to investigate any anomalies.

The workers stay at site in dormitories retained following completion of construction of the station. The site is supported by a small on-site kitchen/dining complex and is serviced by the construction water treatment plant and sewage lagoon.

Public Safety: Several safety features were designed into Wuskwatim, including:

* a water release siren that is automatically sounded before adjusting discharge through the spillway gates to warn the public in the area of the generating station;
* a boat restraining barrier (safety boom) which is located upstream of Wuskwatim Falls;
* life rings provided on the spillway, powerhouse intake and tailrace decks;
* fencing used as a barrier to dangerous areas;
* signage (printed in English and Cree) for users of the waterway; and
* security gates which restrict access at the highway access point.

Licenses: Manitoba Hydro operates the Wuskwatim GS on behalf of the WPLP in accordance with the Water Power Act and Environment Act licences issued by the Province of Manitoba. The Wuskwatim GS was the first generating station in Manitoba to be authorized under the Environment Act. For more details on the Wuskwatim GS operations and its effects on the water regime, see Water Regime, Section 4.3.3.6. For further information on the Water Power license, see the Manitoba Government Water Power Licensing website at: https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/water/water-power/index.html.

==Mitigation and Rehabilitation==
The Wuskwatim GS was designed to be a low impact project and included the following elements:

* a “low head” design that resulted in minimal flooding;
* an operating plan that stabilized water levels on Wuskwatim Lake and limits the geographic extent and magnitude of downstream water level and flow changes;
* an access road that incorporated environmental and cultural considerations in the route selection process;
* commitment to develop an access management plan; and
* a commitment to develop an Environmental Protection Plan that assured that all work was carried out in compliance with regulatory requirements, project approvals, and proven environmental protection practices.

Rehabilitation efforts of construction activities at the Wuskwatim GS have been ongoing since 2009, and have consisted of tree planting and seeding which concluded in June of 2015. To date, over 600,000 seedlings have been planted and approximately 198 acres (80 ha) of land has been seeded with native plants. Locations of revegetation include: along the Wuskwatim access road, decommissioned borrow pits, excavated material placement areas, impacted areas around the camp and generating station, and at the Wuskwatim village where cultural plantings took place. The rehabilitation has been a success to date and will continue to be monitored for at least 5 to 7 years under the Terrestrial Effects Monitoring Plan.

==References==
Manitoba Hydro & the Province of Manitoba, December 2015, ''Regional Cumulative Effects Assessment Phase II: Part II Hydroelectric Development Project Description in the Region of Interest''. Retrieved April 1 2016 from, https://www.hydro.mb.ca/docs/regulatory_affairs/pdf/rcea/rcea_phase2_part_ii_hydroelectric_development_project_description.pdf

Wuskwatim Generating Station

2022-10-29T20:55:35Z

AJP: Fixed broken link to MB Gov Water Power Licensing

For a high level overview of this and other hydro projects see [[Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba]].

==Background==
The Wuskwatim GS location was identified by Manitoba Hydro as a potential hydroelectric development site following the implementation of the Churchill River Diversion (CRD) in 1966. The site became a higher potential resource option once the CRD began operating in 1976. The project was committed to in the summer of 2006 to meet the needs of continued load growth following a rigorous regulatory review process. The Wuskwatim GS was developed, and is owned by, the Wuskwatim Power Limited Partnership (WPLP) a legal entity involving Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) and Manitoba Hydro. Manitoba Hydro operates the Wuskwatim GS as part of the Manitoba power grid on behalf of WPLP.

==Location==
The Wuskwatim Generating Station (GS) is located at a site previously known as Taskinigup Falls (Photo 1) on the Burntwood River, one mile (1.6 km) downstream of Wuskwatim Falls, which is the natural outlet of Wuskwatim Lake. The Wuskwatim GS is approximately 23 mi (37 km) southeast of community of Nelson House and 28 mi (45 km) southwest of the City of Thompson.

[[file:Wuskwatim 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 1: Pre-Construction Looking Upstream toward Wuskwatim Lake, 2007]]

==Project Components==
===Principal Works===
Wuskwatim GS spans a total of 0.4 mi (0.6 km) across the Burntwood River and consists of a closecoupled intake/powerhouse with three units, a non-overflow concrete dam, a concrete wing wall, a main dam, a dyke to contain the immediate forebay, and a three-bay gated spillway (Photo 2; Map 1). The immediate forebay is the area between generating station principal works and Wuskwatim Falls. The immediate forebay area and Wuskwatim Lake together form a reservoir that is typically referred to as the forebay. Channel improvements were undertaken at Wuskwatim Falls to increase the outflow capability of the lake.

[[file:Wuskwatim 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 2: Wuskwatim Generation Station – looking Upstream]]

[[File:Wuskwatim Map 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|Map 1: General Arrangement]]

===Project Data===
* Turbine Generator Units:
** Type: 3 vertical shaft fixed blade propeller turbines
** Capacity: 214 MW (63rd Annual Report, Mar. 2014)
* Powerhouse:
** Length: 246.16 ft (75.03 m)
** Waterfall drop: 70.2 ft (21.4 m)
** Discharge capacity: 38,846 ft3/s (1,100 m3/s)
* Main Dam:
** Length: 1,056 ft (322 m)
** Maximum height: 46.3 ft (14.1 m)
* Spillway:
** Number of bays: 3
** Length (of all bays): 141.08 ft (43.0 m)
** Discharge capacity: 81,577 ft3/s (2,310 m3/s)
* Reservoir/Forebay Elevation:
** Full supply level (maximum): 767.71 ft (234.0 m)
** Normal minimum operating forebay elevation: 766.89 ft (233.75 m)
** Flooded Area: 0.1 mi2 (0.4 km2)

===Supporting Infrastructure===
Access to the Wuskwatim GS site is from the north via a 29.8 mi (48 km) permanent gravel access road from PR 391, approximately 32 km west of the City of Thompson.

===Generation Outlet Transmission===
Development of the Wuskwatim GS required the development of new transmission lines and transmission stations in order to deliver the generated electricity into the existing transmission system. The points of connection are to a new Birchtree Station at the City of Thompson and to the existing Herblet Lake Station north of the community of Snow Lake.

The new transmission facilities include the following:

* a new 230 kilovolt (kV) switching station at the Wuskwatim GS site;
* a new switching station (Birchtree Station), just south of the City of Thompson;
* a new 230 kV transmission line (W76B) to connect the Wuskwatim Switching Station to the Birchtree Station. This line was the first built and was initially used to provide construction power for development of the proposed generating station (Figure 1);
* two new 230 kV transmission lines (W73H and W74H) between the Wuskwatim Switching Station and the existing Herblet Lake Station, to the north of the community of Snow Lake (Figure 1); and
* a new 230 kV transmission line from the Herblet Lake Station to the Rall’s Island Station at The Pas.

[[file:Wuskwatim 7.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Figure 1: Illustrations of Transmission Lines and Clearing Requirements]]

==Construction==
===Principle Structures===
Construction began in 2006 when clearing for the site access road and start-up camp got underway. Over a two year period, the access road was constructed, borrow areas were developed, and the site construction camp built adjacent to the future location of the generating station.

Work on the generating station began in late 2007 with the opening up of a rock quarry, impervious and granular borrow areas, and construction of cofferdams to isolate the area for the spillway, powerhouse and exit channels to be built. River diversion through the completed spillway structure took place in 2010, allowing for construction of the Stage II cofferdams and the permanent main dam across Taskinigup Falls (Photo 3). The stations three generating units went into commercial service between June and October 2012 (Photo 4).

All of the construction workforce lived in camp for several weeks at a time and travelled to their homes during their days off. Decommissioning of construction facilities and restoration of the site continued through 2013 and 2014.

[[file:Wuskwatim 5.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 3: Stage II Diversion - Construction of the Main Dam]]

[[file:Wuskwatim 6.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 4: Powerhouse and Spillway Looking Upstream]]

===Construction Infrastructure===
A temporary construction camp and work areas (Photo 5) were established near the site. The construction camp comprised of accommodations for upwards of 840 workers, a dining complex, a recreation centre, and a lounge. Construction power was brought in by pre-building the 230 kV transmission line (W76B) from the City of Thompson (Birchtree Station to Wuskwatim Switching Station) and would ultimately be used as outlet transmission once the project was complete.

[[file:Wuskwatim 4.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Photo 5: Construction Work Areas]]

==Operations==
Access: Access to the site is by the construction road, which was used to build the project and connect the site to PR 391. The access road is private and is not part of the provincial road network. A security gate near the intersection of the access road and PR391 limits access to the area to those authorized. The site is approximately a one-hour drive from the City of Thompson. There is no landing strip at the site for fixed-wing aircraft; however several landing areas are present to permit helicopter access.

Workforce: The station has approximately 10 staff comprised of the following: operating staff, maintenance staff (electrical, mechanical, utility), support staff (administration, stores) and supervisory staff. The workforce arrive at the Wuskwatim GS from various locations within the province. The workforce is split into two shifts who work an eight days on/six days off schedule, allowing the station to be fully staffed every day between 0700h and 1800h. After hours, the System Control Centre located in the City of Winnipeg monitors alarms within the station and calls out operating staff to investigate any anomalies.

The workers stay at site in dormitories retained following completion of construction of the station. The site is supported by a small on-site kitchen/dining complex and is serviced by the construction water treatment plant and sewage lagoon.

Public Safety: Several safety features were designed into Wuskwatim, including:

* a water release siren that is automatically sounded before adjusting discharge through the spillway gates to warn the public in the area of the generating station;
* a boat restraining barrier (safety boom) which is located upstream of Wuskwatim Falls;
* life rings provided on the spillway, powerhouse intake and tailrace decks;
* fencing used as a barrier to dangerous areas;
* signage (printed in English and Cree) for users of the waterway; and
* security gates which restrict access at the highway access point.

Licenses: Manitoba Hydro operates the Wuskwatim GS on behalf of the WPLP in accordance with the Water Power Act and Environment Act licences issued by the Province of Manitoba. The Wuskwatim GS was the first generating station in Manitoba to be authorized under the Environment Act. For more details on the Wuskwatim GS operations and its effects on the water regime, see Water Regime, Section 4.3.3.6. For further information on the Water Power license, see the Manitoba Government Water Power Licensing website at: https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/water/water-power/index.html.

==Mitigation and Rehabilitation==
The Wuskwatim GS was designed to be a low impact project and included the following elements:

* a “low head” design that resulted in minimal flooding;
* an operating plan that stabilized water levels on Wuskwatim Lake and limits the geographic extent and magnitude of downstream water level and flow changes;
* an access road that incorporated environmental and cultural considerations in the route selection process;
* commitment to develop an access management plan; and
* a commitment to develop an Environmental Protection Plan that assured that all work was carried out in compliance with regulatory requirements, project approvals, and proven environmental protection practices.

Rehabilitation efforts of construction activities at the Wuskwatim GS have been ongoing since 2009, and have consisted of tree planting and seeding which concluded in June of 2015. To date, over 600,000 seedlings have been planted and approximately 198 acres (80 ha) of land has been seeded with native plants. Locations of revegetation include: along the Wuskwatim access road, decommissioned borrow pits, excavated material placement areas, impacted areas around the camp and generating station, and at the Wuskwatim village where cultural plantings took place. The rehabilitation has been a success to date and will continue to be monitored for at least 5 to 7 years under the Terrestrial Effects Monitoring Plan.

==References==
Manitoba Hydro & the Province of Manitoba, December 2015, ''Regional Cumulative Effects Assessment Phase II: Part II Hydroelectric Development Project Description in the Region of Interest''. Retrieved April 1 2016 from, https://www.hydro.mb.ca/regulatory_affairs/rcea/pdf/rcea_phase2_part_ii_hydroelectric_development_project_description.pdf

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2022-10-29T20:51:36Z

AJP: Another update of Keeyask status.

[[file:LittleSaskDam.jpg|thumb|Little Saskatchewan Generating Station - photo Gordon Goldsborough]]
While there were several earlier instances of electricity generation in Manitoba, the [[Minnedosa River Hydropower Station|first hydro-electric dam]] in the form we now know was on the Little Saskatchewan river, now called the Minnedosa River. Beginning operation in 1900, It served the City of Brandon ( Sorry Winnipeg, the Wheat city gets the honours here ) with 600 kilowatts of power via a 14 kilometre transmission line. The dam was made of wood filled with rocks and seems to have only operated in the summer months. Two units of 300 kilowatts each provided the current which was stepped up to 11kV for transmission along wooden poles to Brandon. There it was brought in to the existing steam generating facility to augment generation in summer. The Little Saskatchewan plant was the brainchild of three men who formed Brandon Electric Light Company Ltd. to provide steam generated power to Brandon around 1889. To increase capacity in summer and keep the costs down, they built the hydro-electric station. The site was decommissioned in 1924 and was probably damaged by the failure of an upstream dam in Minnedosa on 4 May 1948.

==Winnipeg River Development==
Pinawa Generating Station on the Winnipeg River started operation in 1906 by the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, which held a monopoly on transit service, electric power and gas distribution for the City of Winnipeg. The first publicly owned generating station was Pointe Du Bois, upstream from Pinawa. It was completed in 1911 and is still in service today. In the 1920 and 1930s, three more generating stations were built on the Winnipeg River; Great Falls, Seven Sisters and Slave Falls. The four Winnipeg River stations would ultimately produce a total of 445 megawatts.

==Depression, War and Farm Electrification==
The boom of hydro-electric development came to an end with the great depression. In the early 1930s, power to municipalities in Manitoba was a patchwork quilt of contracts with differing rates and terms. The passing of the Municipal Power Commission (MPC) Act in 1931 started the process of bringing uniformity to power service and the MPC was supplying 139 communities by the end of the decade. Under the Act, the MPC sold power directly to end customers rather than to municipalities. City Hydro in Winnipeg remained as a municipal utility.

World War II caused a shortage of available farm hands and farmers petitioned the MPC for access to electricity. As a result, a farm electrification program started in 1945 with the aim of connecting 90% of Manitoba farms to the electric grid. In 1954 when the program ended, Manitoba was the most electrified of the western provinces with 75% of farms connected and a total of 100,000 customers. This was accomplished by careful attention to the economics of farming. Power line extensions were free and the farmer only paid for the in-building wiring and the power consumed.

==The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board==
The success of the Farm Electrification program combined with the post-war boom brought new challenges in the early 1950s. Existing generation capacity would not support the new demand. Three of the largest players, City Hydro, the Winnipeg Electric Company (formerly the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company) and the Manitoba Power Commission along with the provincial government agreed to the creation of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (MHEB) in 1949 to coordinate generation and distribution of power in Manitoba. The first MHEB generating station, Pine Falls entered service in 1951 adding 82 megawatts to the generating capacity of the Winnipeg River. In 1952, Seven Sisters was expanded to 150 megawatts which required the retirement of the first Winnipeg River station, Pinawa. The last station on the Winnipeg River, McArthur Falls, went into service in 1954.

In 1952 and 1953, reorganizations took place which separated the Winnipeg Electric Company's gas and transit operations into the Greater Winnipeg Gas and Greater Winnipeg Transit companies respectively. The remaining electricity operations and assets were amalgamated with the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. City Hydro and the Manitoba Power Commission split the distribution components between the City of Winnipeg and the suburbs along the 1955, pre-Unicity boundaries. City Hydro was renamed Winnipeg Hydro in 1964 and was bought by Manitoba Hydro in 2002.

==Private Generating Stations==
There were several private generating stations built in Manitoba, some of which would become part of the provincial power grid. In 1913, the Minnedosa Hydro Plant was built just north of the town supplying power until 1933. A station was built in 1934-1935 at [[Kanuchuan Power Development|Kanuchuan Rapids]] on the Island Lake River to supply power for the new gold mines at Elk Island in God’s Lake. The mine closed in 1943 but the generating station continued to supply some power until at least 1966. There were also two stations built on the Laurie River north of Flin Flon by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. They provided power for mining operations in the 1950s and 1960s. They were transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1970 and are still in service.

==Nelson River Development==
In 1960, the MHEB started operating the Kelsey Generating Station, the first one on the Nelson River, to supply power to the newly developed City of Thompson and the International Nickel Company's operations there. It was followed in 1965 by the Grand Rapids station on the Saskatchewan River. Both were connected to the provincial power grid in 1967 via a 230-kV line that ran between the two. The same line also furnished power to International Nickels's new Soab Lake mine.

Between the times of these two stations, the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Power Commission merged to form Manitoba Hydro. The new utility began to work with power utility companies in the United States through the Mid-continent Area Power Planners (MAPP) on power exchanges with the 22 power utilities in the MAPP. In 1963, a Nelson River Programming Board was created by the Governments of Manitoba and Canada to investigate power development on the Nelson River and transmission of power to southern Manitoba by High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission. This work came to fruition in 1970 and 1971 with the commissioning of the Kettle Generating station and the first HVdc line from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Two converter stations, Radisson near Gillam and Dorsey north-west of Winnipeg were built to support the connection of the direct current transmission line to the alternating current power grid. A 230kV AC transmission line was completed between Winnipeg and Grand Forks to allow power to be exchanged with utilities in North Dakota and Minnesota.

==Churchill River Diversion and Lake Winnipeg Regulation==
Rather than develop both the Churchill and Nelson Rivers for hydro-electric power, it was more economical to divert some of the water from the Churchill River into the Nelson and place the generating stations on the Nelson River system, comprised of the Rat, Burntwood and Nelson Rivers. Two control structures at Missi Falls and Notigi and a channel from the Churchill River to the Rat River allow water from the Churchill River to be routed into the Nelson River system.

To complete the development of the Nelson River, it was necessary to manage the historical fluctuations in the level of Lake Winnipeg to ensure adequate minimum water flows in the river. The Jenpeg Generating Station and associated Control Structure began operation in 1976 and are used along with three man-made channels to stabilize the level of Lake Winnipeg.

This made possible the operation of the 980 megawatt Long Spruce Generating Station, completed in 1979. During the same period, the second HVdc line was completed from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Another generating station was planned at Limestone but it was deferred due to low electricity demands and finally started producing power in 1990.

Limestone Generating Station was to be last one to be built in the 20th century. Only one hydro-electric installation, the 200 megawatt Wuskwatim Generating Station on the Burntwood River, has been built since then in Manitoba. Completed in 2012, it is a joint venture between the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation and Manitoba Hydro.

In July of 2014, construction began on Keeyask Generating Station near Gull Lake on the Nelson River. The 695 Megawatt station s a collaborative effort between Manitoba Hydro and four Manitoba First Nations; Tataskweyak Cree Nation, War Lake First Nation, York Factory First Nation and Fox Lake Cree First Nation. The first unit went into service in February 2021 and there were six units operating in January 2022.

==Acknowledgements==
Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Historical Society

This article first appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional - https://www.enggeomb.ca/pdf/Keystone/15Spring.pdf

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2022-10-29T20:48:26Z

AJP: Updated Keeyask status.

[[file:LittleSaskDam.jpg|thumb|Little Saskatchewan Generating Station - photo Gordon Goldsborough]]
While there were several earlier instances of electricity generation in Manitoba, the [[Minnedosa River Hydropower Station|first hydro-electric dam]] in the form we now know was on the Little Saskatchewan river, now called the Minnedosa River. Beginning operation in 1900, It served the City of Brandon ( Sorry Winnipeg, the Wheat city gets the honours here ) with 600 kilowatts of power via a 14 kilometre transmission line. The dam was made of wood filled with rocks and seems to have only operated in the summer months. Two units of 300 kilowatts each provided the current which was stepped up to 11kV for transmission along wooden poles to Brandon. There it was brought in to the existing steam generating facility to augment generation in summer. The Little Saskatchewan plant was the brainchild of three men who formed Brandon Electric Light Company Ltd. to provide steam generated power to Brandon around 1889. To increase capacity in summer and keep the costs down, they built the hydro-electric station. The site was decommissioned in 1924 and was probably damaged by the failure of an upstream dam in Minnedosa on 4 May 1948.

==Winnipeg River Development==
Pinawa Generating Station on the Winnipeg River started operation in 1906 by the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, which held a monopoly on transit service, electric power and gas distribution for the City of Winnipeg. The first publicly owned generating station was Pointe Du Bois, upstream from Pinawa. It was completed in 1911 and is still in service today. In the 1920 and 1930s, three more generating stations were built on the Winnipeg River; Great Falls, Seven Sisters and Slave Falls. The four Winnipeg River stations would ultimately produce a total of 445 megawatts.

==Depression, War and Farm Electrification==
The boom of hydro-electric development came to an end with the great depression. In the early 1930s, power to municipalities in Manitoba was a patchwork quilt of contracts with differing rates and terms. The passing of the Municipal Power Commission (MPC) Act in 1931 started the process of bringing uniformity to power service and the MPC was supplying 139 communities by the end of the decade. Under the Act, the MPC sold power directly to end customers rather than to municipalities. City Hydro in Winnipeg remained as a municipal utility.

World War II caused a shortage of available farm hands and farmers petitioned the MPC for access to electricity. As a result, a farm electrification program started in 1945 with the aim of connecting 90% of Manitoba farms to the electric grid. In 1954 when the program ended, Manitoba was the most electrified of the western provinces with 75% of farms connected and a total of 100,000 customers. This was accomplished by careful attention to the economics of farming. Power line extensions were free and the farmer only paid for the in-building wiring and the power consumed.

==The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board==
The success of the Farm Electrification program combined with the post-war boom brought new challenges in the early 1950s. Existing generation capacity would not support the new demand. Three of the largest players, City Hydro, the Winnipeg Electric Company (formerly the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company) and the Manitoba Power Commission along with the provincial government agreed to the creation of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (MHEB) in 1949 to coordinate generation and distribution of power in Manitoba. The first MHEB generating station, Pine Falls entered service in 1951 adding 82 megawatts to the generating capacity of the Winnipeg River. In 1952, Seven Sisters was expanded to 150 megawatts which required the retirement of the first Winnipeg River station, Pinawa. The last station on the Winnipeg River, McArthur Falls, went into service in 1954.

In 1952 and 1953, reorganizations took place which separated the Winnipeg Electric Company's gas and transit operations into the Greater Winnipeg Gas and Greater Winnipeg Transit companies respectively. The remaining electricity operations and assets were amalgamated with the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. City Hydro and the Manitoba Power Commission split the distribution components between the City of Winnipeg and the suburbs along the 1955, pre-Unicity boundaries. City Hydro was renamed Winnipeg Hydro in 1964 and was bought by Manitoba Hydro in 2002.

==Private Generating Stations==
There were several private generating stations built in Manitoba, some of which would become part of the provincial power grid. In 1913, the Minnedosa Hydro Plant was built just north of the town supplying power until 1933. A station was built in 1934-1935 at [[Kanuchuan Power Development|Kanuchuan Rapids]] on the Island Lake River to supply power for the new gold mines at Elk Island in God’s Lake. The mine closed in 1943 but the generating station continued to supply some power until at least 1966. There were also two stations built on the Laurie River north of Flin Flon by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. They provided power for mining operations in the 1950s and 1960s. They were transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1970 and are still in service.

==Nelson River Development==
In 1960, the MHEB started operating the Kelsey Generating Station, the first one on the Nelson River, to supply power to the newly developed City of Thompson and the International Nickel Company's operations there. It was followed in 1965 by the Grand Rapids station on the Saskatchewan River. Both were connected to the provincial power grid in 1967 via a 230-kV line that ran between the two. The same line also furnished power to International Nickels's new Soab Lake mine.

Between the times of these two stations, the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Power Commission merged to form Manitoba Hydro. The new utility began to work with power utility companies in the United States through the Mid-continent Area Power Planners (MAPP) on power exchanges with the 22 power utilities in the MAPP. In 1963, a Nelson River Programming Board was created by the Governments of Manitoba and Canada to investigate power development on the Nelson River and transmission of power to southern Manitoba by High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission. This work came to fruition in 1970 and 1971 with the commissioning of the Kettle Generating station and the first HVdc line from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Two converter stations, Radisson near Gillam and Dorsey north-west of Winnipeg were built to support the connection of the direct current transmission line to the alternating current power grid. A 230kV AC transmission line was completed between Winnipeg and Grand Forks to allow power to be exchanged with utilities in North Dakota and Minnesota.

==Churchill River Diversion and Lake Winnipeg Regulation==
Rather than develop both the Churchill and Nelson Rivers for hydro-electric power, it was more economical to divert some of the water from the Churchill River into the Nelson and place the generating stations on the Nelson River system, comprised of the Rat, Burntwood and Nelson Rivers. Two control structures at Missi Falls and Notigi and a channel from the Churchill River to the Rat River allow water from the Churchill River to be routed into the Nelson River system.

To complete the development of the Nelson River, it was necessary to manage the historical fluctuations in the level of Lake Winnipeg to ensure adequate minimum water flows in the river. The Jenpeg Generating Station and associated Control Structure began operation in 1976 and are used along with three man-made channels to stabilize the level of Lake Winnipeg.

This made possible the operation of the 980 megawatt Long Spruce Generating Station, completed in 1979. During the same period, the second HVdc line was completed from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Another generating station was planned at Limestone but it was deferred due to low electricity demands and finally started producing power in 1990.

Limestone Generating Station was to be last one to be built in the 20th century. Only one hydro-electric installation, the 200 megawatt Wuskwatim Generating Station on the Burntwood River, has been built since then in Manitoba. Completed in 2012, it is a joint venture between the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation and Manitoba Hydro.

In July of 2014, construction began on Keeyask Generating Station near Gull Lake on the Nelson River. The 695 Megawatt station s a collaborative effort between Manitoba Hydro and four Manitoba First Nations; Tataskweyak Cree Nation, War Lake First Nation, York Factory First Nation and Fox Lake Cree First Nation. The first unit went into service in February 2021.

==Acknowledgements==
Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Historical Society

This article first appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional - https://www.enggeomb.ca/pdf/Keystone/15Spring.pdf

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2022-10-29T20:42:07Z

AJP: Updated link from apegm.mb.ca to enggeomb.ca

[[file:LittleSaskDam.jpg|thumb|Little Saskatchewan Generating Station - photo Gordon Goldsborough]]
While there were several earlier instances of electricity generation in Manitoba, the [[Minnedosa River Hydropower Station|first hydro-electric dam]] in the form we now know was on the Little Saskatchewan river, now called the Minnedosa River. Beginning operation in 1900, It served the City of Brandon ( Sorry Winnipeg, the Wheat city gets the honours here ) with 600 kilowatts of power via a 14 kilometre transmission line. The dam was made of wood filled with rocks and seems to have only operated in the summer months. Two units of 300 kilowatts each provided the current which was stepped up to 11kV for transmission along wooden poles to Brandon. There it was brought in to the existing steam generating facility to augment generation in summer. The Little Saskatchewan plant was the brainchild of three men who formed Brandon Electric Light Company Ltd. to provide steam generated power to Brandon around 1889. To increase capacity in summer and keep the costs down, they built the hydro-electric station. The site was decommissioned in 1924 and was probably damaged by the failure of an upstream dam in Minnedosa on 4 May 1948.

==Winnipeg River Development==
Pinawa Generating Station on the Winnipeg River started operation in 1906 by the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, which held a monopoly on transit service, electric power and gas distribution for the City of Winnipeg. The first publicly owned generating station was Pointe Du Bois, upstream from Pinawa. It was completed in 1911 and is still in service today. In the 1920 and 1930s, three more generating stations were built on the Winnipeg River; Great Falls, Seven Sisters and Slave Falls. The four Winnipeg River stations would ultimately produce a total of 445 megawatts.

==Depression, War and Farm Electrification==
The boom of hydro-electric development came to an end with the great depression. In the early 1930s, power to municipalities in Manitoba was a patchwork quilt of contracts with differing rates and terms. The passing of the Municipal Power Commission (MPC) Act in 1931 started the process of bringing uniformity to power service and the MPC was supplying 139 communities by the end of the decade. Under the Act, the MPC sold power directly to end customers rather than to municipalities. City Hydro in Winnipeg remained as a municipal utility.

World War II caused a shortage of available farm hands and farmers petitioned the MPC for access to electricity. As a result, a farm electrification program started in 1945 with the aim of connecting 90% of Manitoba farms to the electric grid. In 1954 when the program ended, Manitoba was the most electrified of the western provinces with 75% of farms connected and a total of 100,000 customers. This was accomplished by careful attention to the economics of farming. Power line extensions were free and the farmer only paid for the in-building wiring and the power consumed.

==The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board==
The success of the Farm Electrification program combined with the post-war boom brought new challenges in the early 1950s. Existing generation capacity would not support the new demand. Three of the largest players, City Hydro, the Winnipeg Electric Company (formerly the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company) and the Manitoba Power Commission along with the provincial government agreed to the creation of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (MHEB) in 1949 to coordinate generation and distribution of power in Manitoba. The first MHEB generating station, Pine Falls entered service in 1951 adding 82 megawatts to the generating capacity of the Winnipeg River. In 1952, Seven Sisters was expanded to 150 megawatts which required the retirement of the first Winnipeg River station, Pinawa. The last station on the Winnipeg River, McArthur Falls, went into service in 1954.

In 1952 and 1953, reorganizations took place which separated the Winnipeg Electric Company's gas and transit operations into the Greater Winnipeg Gas and Greater Winnipeg Transit companies respectively. The remaining electricity operations and assets were amalgamated with the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. City Hydro and the Manitoba Power Commission split the distribution components between the City of Winnipeg and the suburbs along the 1955, pre-Unicity boundaries. City Hydro was renamed Winnipeg Hydro in 1964 and was bought by Manitoba Hydro in 2002.

==Private Generating Stations==
There were several private generating stations built in Manitoba, some of which would become part of the provincial power grid. In 1913, the Minnedosa Hydro Plant was built just north of the town supplying power until 1933. A station was built in 1934-1935 at [[Kanuchuan Power Development|Kanuchuan Rapids]] on the Island Lake River to supply power for the new gold mines at Elk Island in God’s Lake. The mine closed in 1943 but the generating station continued to supply some power until at least 1966. There were also two stations built on the Laurie River north of Flin Flon by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. They provided power for mining operations in the 1950s and 1960s. They were transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1970 and are still in service.

==Nelson River Development==
In 1960, the MHEB started operating the Kelsey Generating Station, the first one on the Nelson River, to supply power to the newly developed City of Thompson and the International Nickel Company's operations there. It was followed in 1965 by the Grand Rapids station on the Saskatchewan River. Both were connected to the provincial power grid in 1967 via a 230-kV line that ran between the two. The same line also furnished power to International Nickels's new Soab Lake mine.

Between the times of these two stations, the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Power Commission merged to form Manitoba Hydro. The new utility began to work with power utility companies in the United States through the Mid-continent Area Power Planners (MAPP) on power exchanges with the 22 power utilities in the MAPP. In 1963, a Nelson River Programming Board was created by the Governments of Manitoba and Canada to investigate power development on the Nelson River and transmission of power to southern Manitoba by High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission. This work came to fruition in 1970 and 1971 with the commissioning of the Kettle Generating station and the first HVdc line from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Two converter stations, Radisson near Gillam and Dorsey north-west of Winnipeg were built to support the connection of the direct current transmission line to the alternating current power grid. A 230kV AC transmission line was completed between Winnipeg and Grand Forks to allow power to be exchanged with utilities in North Dakota and Minnesota.

==Churchill River Diversion and Lake Winnipeg Regulation==
Rather than develop both the Churchill and Nelson Rivers for hydro-electric power, it was more economical to divert some of the water from the Churchill River into the Nelson and place the generating stations on the Nelson River system, comprised of the Rat, Burntwood and Nelson Rivers. Two control structures at Missi Falls and Notigi and a channel from the Churchill River to the Rat River allow water from the Churchill River to be routed into the Nelson River system.

To complete the development of the Nelson River, it was necessary to manage the historical fluctuations in the level of Lake Winnipeg to ensure adequate minimum water flows in the river. The Jenpeg Generating Station and associated Control Structure began operation in 1976 and are used along with three man-made channels to stabilize the level of Lake Winnipeg.

This made possible the operation of the 980 megawatt Long Spruce Generating Station, completed in 1979. During the same period, the second HVdc line was completed from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Another generating station was planned at Limestone but it was deferred due to low electricity demands and finally started producing power in 1990.

Limestone Generating Station was to be last one to be built in the 20th century. Only one hydro-electric installation, the 200 megawatt Wuskwatim Generating Station on the Burntwood River, has been built since then in Manitoba. Completed in 2012, it is a joint venture between the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation and Manitoba Hydro.

In July of 2014, construction began on Keeyask Generating Station near Gull Lake on the Nelson River. The 695 Megawatt station s a collaborative effort between Manitoba Hydro and four Manitoba First Nations; Tataskweyak Cree Nation, War Lake First Nation, York Factory First Nation and Fox Lake Cree First Nation.

==Acknowledgements==
Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Historical Society

This article first appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional - https://www.enggeomb.ca/pdf/Keystone/15Spring.pdf

Garland Laliberté

2022-10-27T01:10:17Z

AJP: /* Professional Service */ Added missing accent on photo caption

== Garland Everett Laliberté, Ph.D. Agricultural Engineering, P.Eng. FEC ==
(December, 1936 - July, 2022)
 
Garland Laliberté was an agricultural engineer of Metis heritage. He was a professor of engineering at the University of Manitoba and went on to become the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, and was the president of both APEM (Engineers Geosciences Manitoba) and CCPE (Engineers Canada). Throughout his career he was recognized countless times by the professional and technical societies to which he contributed and provided leadership. He died at Winnipeg on July 30th, 2022.
[[File:2019 Garland Everett Laliberte.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Garland Everett Laliberté, Photo Credit - Garland Laliberté]]

==Education==
Born on the family farm in the Shell River Municipality in western Manitoba, he graduated from high school at the tender age of 14 and had the highest academic standing in his class. Garland started university at the University of Manitoba, and then went on to the University of Saskatchewan and graduated in 1956 at the age of 19 with a B.Sc. in agricultural engineering and then again in 1961 with a M.Sc. He continued on to the Colorado State University where he obtained his Ph.D in 1966 specializing in porous media physics.

==Early Professional Career==
In the early part of his career, he spent eleven years working for the federal government in the irrigated area of southern Alberta. There, he supervised the survey, design and construction of land grading projects to improve the efficiency of surface irrigation. He also carried out field and laboratory research on water movement through soil with application on irrigation and drainage projects and, in particular, on subsurface drainage.

==Academic Career==
He eventually moved back to Manitoba and took up a teaching position at the University of Manitoba as a professor of agricultural engineering. He continued with his academic career for the next 30 years at the University where he specialized in soil and water research, and authored and co-authored over 100 publications. During this time, he spent 17 years as the Head of the Department of Agricultural Engineering and from 1989 to 1994 he was the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. Laliberté officially retired in 1996. Shortly thereafter he was awarded the honorary title of Dean Emeritus and continued in that capacity for many years.

==Professional Service==
In addition to his academic career he made significant contributions to the Association and to the engineering profession. Laliberté served as a council member from 1985 to 1990; and was APEM’s President in 1989.
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:1989 Garland Everett Laliberte.jpg|thumb|none|250px|1989 - Garland Everett Laliberté, Photo Credit - Association files]] </li>

He also served on the Executive Finance Committee, the Board of Examiners (now the Academic Review Committee), the Admissions Board, the Nominating Committee, and a number of other ad-hoc committees. In total, his contribution to these various committees amounted to the equivalent of 33 committee-years of service to the Association. Laliberté received the Association's Outstanding Service Award in 1994 for his unwavering commitment to the Association.

Laliberté served on the Board of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers (CCPE, now Engineers Canada) in 1990. This was then followed up by serving on the Executive of CCPE for three years and was elected President of CCPE in 1994. In 1998 he was recognized by the CCPE when it presented him with its Professional Service Award. He also served with a number of agricultural engineering related associations and received many additional awards from them.

Laliberté was first registered with the Association of Professional Engineers of Manitoba in 1968 and continued his membership for 35 years. Then in 2003 the Association made him an honorary life member for his outstanding contributions to the Association and to the engineering profession.

In a correspondence with Dave Ennis in the fall of 2019, Garland shared that one of his most proud accomplishments was his involvement in the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Engineering’s, Engineering Access Program for indigenous students (ENGAP). “A moment that I recall in particular during my term as Dean of Engineering was having to call upon then Premier Gary Filmon's support to overturn a plan of the Manitoba Department of Postsecondary Education to eliminate completely the Department's share of the financial support for the Program.” It was this type of commitment that was instrumental in keeping the program going.

Laliberté continued to be active in retired life including participating in current Manitoba events that he was passionate about. He was a member of the Bipole III Coalition group from 2010 to 2018 who were a group of 'citizens influencing the future generation, use, and conservation of electricity for the economic development of Manitoba. He then was instrumental in creating the Manitoba Energy Council in 2018 which had as it’s mission statement ‘the Manitoba Energy Council believes that its expertise in most facets of the production, use and conservation of electrical energy in this province would be an asset to Manitoba Hydro in planning the delivery of electricity to Manitobans’.

==Heritage==
Laliberté is a descendent of Jean-Baptiste Lagimodiere, a coureur des bois with the Hudson Bay Company, and Marie-Anne Gaboury who is considered the first women of European descent in western Canada, and grandparents to Louis Riel. At the age of 15, his grandfather Justin Laliberté was hired by the Hudson Bay Company as a Red River cart driver which was a part of an ox freight train heading from the Red River Colony to Fort Edmonton. The cargo for each cart was six 100-pound sacks of flour, and the round trip on the Carlton Trail took the entire summer. Laliberté himself started school on a small sleigh pulled by a sleigh dog. He learned to fiddle at an early age and continued to play Metis tunes with a bluegrass group at his winter home in Florida.

==References==
 1. Garland Everett Laliberté obituary, Winnipeg Free Press, August 3, 2022, https://passages.winnipegfreepress.com/passage-details/id-309560/LALIBERTE_GARLAND
 2. Garland Everett Laliberté – Abridged CV for Engineers Geoscientists Manitoba, Heritage Committee, December 11, 2019.
 3. Bipole III Coalition website – accessed August 3rd, 2022
 4. Manitoba Energy Council website – accessed August 3rd, 2022.
 5. Memorable Manitobans – Manitoba Historical Society website – accessed August 4th, 2022.

==Compiled by==
Glen N. Cook, P. Eng.(SM), FEC
 Editing and Review by Dave Ennis, P. Eng.(SM), FEC

Grosvenor House

2022-10-27T01:06:42Z

AJP: Changed http to https on external links in the References section

== Overview ==
Grosvenor House Apartment Building is located at 811 Grosvenor Avenue in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Grosvenor House is an eight story apartment building with a precast concrete frame and floor system.

==When==
Built in 1960. At the time it was the tallest all-precast concrete building in Canada. It continues to serve as a residential condominium building.

==Where==
Grosvenor House is located in the vicinity of Osborn Village, River Heights, and the Corydon Strip in south Winnipeg.
{{#display_map:811 Grosvenor Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | height= 300px| width= 400px}}

==Why==
The precast concrete industry was emerging in Manitoba. The City of Winnipeg building permitting authority had just accepted precast concrete as building system, and an alternate to the original cast-in-place design was developed. The innovation of the project highlighted the versatility, economy, use of local products and potential of precast concrete for the building industry of Manitoba at a time when development was vital to the Province.

==How==
The consulting structural engineer was L. Cazaly on the basis of an architectural design prepared by Libling Michener and Associates (Leslie J. Stechesen). The precast concrete was fabricated and erected by Building Products & Coal Ltd. of Winnipeg (later PRECO, later Con-Force, and now Armtec).

==Building Details==
<gallery>
File:GrosvenorHouseF1.jpg|General arrangement and detail of the precast concrete sections
File:GrosvenorHouseF2.jpg|Details of the column splices, spandrel connection and floor system
File:GrosvenorHouseF3.jpg|General view of the completed precast concrete work
</gallery>

==Key players==
*Don Elliot http://passages.winnipegfreepress.com/passage-details/id-205551/name-Donald_Elliott/
*L. Cazaly

==References==

Web links:
*https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/811-grosvenor-avenue/ accessed 15 May 2014
*https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/leslie-stechesen/ accessed 15 May 2014
*https://archiseek.com/2012/1961-grosvenor-house-winnipeg/#.U3UJfdK2h8E accessed 15 May 2014

Heritage Wiki Primer

2022-10-26T02:30:50Z

AJP: Fixed typo "One you are logged" to "Once you are logged"

'''Once you are logged in, this is what the main Wiki page looks like.'''

[[File:PrimerHomePageImage.jpg]]

=== Adding / Editing Text ===
You can add or edit text by clicking the Edit tab at the top right near the search function. To see what formatting can be applied to text, click on the Help link on the left just above the Toolbox, then click on Formatting under the Editing heading on the help page. This text is regular, un-formatted text. The large-type, bold face "Adding / Editing Text" above was created using <nowiki>===</nowiki> before and after the words. [[Look in the "Section Formatting" area on the Formatting help page]].

'''It's actually pretty easy. Click on the Edit tab to see how this page was done.'''[[Link title]]

----Wow

St. Andrew's Lock and Dam

2022-10-26T02:21:20Z

AJP: Spelling correction for Caméré

<onlyinclude> <includeonly>
'''St. Andrew's Lock and Dam'''

Completed in 1910, this engineering system is comprised of three elements; a dam, a lock, and a bridge. The design employed a Camere style dam and, at 240 metres long, it is the largest dam of this type ever built. It is also considered to be the only one still in existence in the world. It continues to operate to this day, regulating the water level of the Red River. It also allows river traffic to operate between Winnipeg and points downstream, while providing a link for road traffic across the river. ([[St. Andrew's Lock and Dam|Full Article...]])</includeonly></onlyinclude>

<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:4083715791_873ec4b2ba_b.jpg|border|left|thumb|St. Andrew's Lock and Dam, Photo Credit: Alan Pollard]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam upstream view 2007 10 30.JPG|border|left|thumb|Upstream view - October 2007 Photo Credit: Provincial Government]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam downstream view - drop section construction for floodway enhancements in the background 2007 10 30.JPG|left|thumb|Downstream view with construction activity in the Floodway Channel in the background - October 2007, Photo Credit: Provincial Government]]</li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam overhead view - work barge on the downstream side 2007 10 30.JPG|left|thumb|Overhead view - October 2007, Photo Credit: Provincial Government]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam upstream view west side 2007.JPG|left|thumb|Upstream view of the locks on the west side - October 2007, Photo Credit: Provincial Government]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrews Lock and Dam 2019 08 01 Alan Pollard.jpg|left|thumb|Locks - August 2019, Photo Credit: Alan Pollard]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock Curtain wall CLoseUp 20190801 Alan Pollard.jpg|left|thumb|Curtain Dam Close up - August 2019, Photo Credit: Alan Pollard]] </li>


Completed in 1910, this engineering system is comprised of three elements; a dam, a lock, and a bridge. The design employed a Caméré style dam and, at 240 metres long, it is the largest dam of this type ever built. It is also considered to be the only one still in existence in the world. It continues to operate to this day, regulating the water level of the Red River. It also allows river traffic to operate between Winnipeg and points downstream, while providing a link for road traffic across the river.

__NOTOC__
==Quick Facts==
* Dam constructed 1907-10.

* Bridge constructed 1912-13.

* Modifications in 1949 to increase loading capacity.

* Frame and curtain replacement in 1967. (1)

* Metallized in 1999 (2)

==Location==
Lockport, Manitoba

{{#display_map:Lockport, MB |height=400|width=400|type=satellite|zoom=35}}

==Why==
Prior to it's construction, there wasn't a singular mode of transportation between areas downstream of Selkirk (including all of Lake Winnipeg) and areas upstream of St. Andrew's. At the time, there were no rail lines connecting Winnipeg with areas North of it. The elevation drop of the Red River (approximately 13 feet between between Middle Church and Lister Rapids) also prevented freighter ships from navigating through the area currently known as Lockport.

Immediately after the opening of the locks and dam, freighter ships as large as the "Winnitoba", which could carry 2,000 passengers and thirty-five carloads of freight, could provide a viable link. These passenger and freighter ships ensured economically sustainable development of fisheries, farming land, and mineral resources. (3)

With the competition of rail lines and road transportation, the use of the locks for river travel waned considerably by the middle of the 20th Century. However, the dam continues to provide a key role in flood mitigation as a control structure.

Images were photographed and digitized by Alan Pollard, P. Eng. (SM) FEC with the assistance of the R.M. of St. Clement in 2019
====Typical shipping vessels====

<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Selkirk Ferry Crossing - 1916.jpg|border|left|thumb|Selkirk Ferry Crossing - c. 1916. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Winnitoban Ship at Offical Opening of St Andrews Locks 1 - 1910 reduced.jpg|left|thumb|Winnitoban at the Official Opening - c. 1910, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Traditional York Boat - c1910.jpg|border|left|thumb|York Boat passing through - c. 1910. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Winnitoba Downstream at St Andrews Post card.jpg|border|left|thumb|Winnitoba Downstream at St. Andrews Dam - postcard. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:SS Majestic at Lockport.jpg|border|left|thumb|SS Majestic passing through the locks. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:SS Keenora at Lockport - 1941.jpg|left|thumb|SS Keenora at Lockport - c. 1941, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]]</li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Ship Passing Through the Locks.jpg|left|thumb|Unidentified Ship, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Ship Passing Through the Locks 3.jpg|left|thumb|Unidentified Ship, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Ship Passing Through the Locks 2.jpg|left|thumb|Unidentified Ship, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>

==How==
The St. Andrew's Dam is a unique “Caméré” style dam using moveable curtains consisting of horizontal sections of wood hinged together, which are raised or lowered to control water flows. Invented by French engineer M. Caméré, this type of dam was popular in western Europe in the late nineteenth century.

The structure consists of:

* Seven 15 m high concrete piers

* Steel trusses approximately 40 m long that span between the piers

* A 6 m high by 11 m wide concrete sill or fixed dam that joins the bottom of the piers.

* 15 steel frames per span which are hung from the trusses, and

* 89 wood curtains

The design consists of a repeating series of two movable components. The first is a steel frame that is stored horizontally when the dam is not restricting flow. These frames are hung from the upper structure and are rotated down from an axis that is transverse to the flow of the river and located at the top end of the frame.

Attached to these frames are curtains, 4 m long and 2.1 m wide and consisting of 50 individually sized Douglas Fir laths held together with brass hinges and pins. During the navigation season the curtains are individually rolled up to increase flow, or rolled down to restrict flow, depending on daily water flow rates in the river.

===Construction Photos===

<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam Construction.jpg|left|thumb|Construction - date unknown, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]]</li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Building St Andrews Lock and Dam 2 - 1908.jpg|left|thumb|Construction Activities c. 1908, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Building St Andrews Lock and Dam 1 - 1908.jpg|left|thumb|Construction Activities c. 1908, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Buidling St. Andrew's lock and Dam Construction 1908 - hi res.jpg|left|thumb|Construction Activities c. 1908 (hi resolution), Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St Andrews Locks - 1910.jpg|left|thumb|Lock c. 1910, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:OfficialOpeningFoote.jpg|left|thumb|Official Opening, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives/L.B. Foote]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Upstream at St Andrews Lock and Dam - 1910 .jpg|border|left|thumb|Looking downstream at St. Andrews Dam - c. 1910. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Downstream of Dam with Boats before Bridge Added.jpg|left|thumb|Downstream area before bridge was added date unknown, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Offical Opening of Bascule Lift Span - c1914.jpg|left|thumb|Opening of the Bascule Lift Span c. 1914, Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:St. Andrew's Lock and Dam Downstream area - 1926.jpg|border|left|thumb|Downstream area c. 1926. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Bascule Bridge span Raised for SS Keenora - 1939.jpg|border|left|thumb|Bascule Bridge span raised for SS Keenora c. 1939. Photo Credit: Manitoba Archives]] </li>

==Fun Facts==
* The Canadian government constructed the dam and lock as part of a proposed river steamboat navigation system extending from Winnipeg to Edmonton.

* The total cost of construction was $3.5 million by 1913.

* It was opened by the Honorable Wilfred Laurier, the Prime Minister of Canada, from the deck of the Winnitoba, which was built in Winnipeg.

* During construction, organizations prearranged excursions to see the work in progress. A special trail for visitors was created from Winnipeg and Back. The cost was 45 cents return, allowing them two hours to inspect the project.

==Also See==
Caméré dam, curtain dam (US) (it was invented by Caméré and introduced in 1876-1880 at Port Villez on the lower Seine. In it wooden curtains that can be rolled up from the bottom were substituted for the needles in the Poiree weir) Camerewehr, Rolladenwehr, Jalousiewehr, Rollvorhangwehr

==Key Players==
Mr. A.R. Dufresne - Construction Engineer. Mr. A. St. Laurent and H.E .Vautelet, Design Engineers

==Summary Article for Engineers Geoscientists Centennial Anniversary in 2020 ==
The Lockport Dam and Bridge goes by many names but it is known officially as the St. Andrew’s Caméré Curtain Dam. Completed in 1910, this engineering marvel is comprised of three elements: a dam, a lock, and a bridge. The design employs a caméré-style dam and is the only structure of its kind in North America and one of only four in the world. At 240 metres long, it is also the largest dam of this type ever built. In 1990, it was designated as a national historical site due to the uniqueness of its engineering design. It continues to operate to this day, regulating the water level of the Red River, and enabling circumnavigation of an historically challenging reach of the river via the only lock on the Canadian prairies. It allows river traffic to operate between Winnipeg and points downstream, while the incorporated bridge provides a link for road traffic over the river.

The dam and lock were to be a cornerstone project in creating an inland water transportation system stretching westward to Edmonton, eastward to Thunder Bay, and northward to Hudson Bay. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, steamship transport was an important mode of transportation. During the 1890s, more than 30 steamships provided freight and passenger service to the lower reaches of the Red River and Lake Winnipeg, including a connection via Grand Rapids to steamship service on the Saskatchewan River.

The natural course of the Red River is blocked by series of five rapids which start just north of Middle Church and continue downstream to the St. Andrew’s Rapids. The rapids were an impediment to navigation with its fall of some 15 feet within a 10-mile distance. Accordingly, towards the end of the 19th century, surveys determined the best method of overcoming these obstacles. A dam at St. Andrews was determined to be the ideal solution. The reason for selecting this site was that it contained a long bend in the river which gave the engineers sufficient room in which to build the lock. The location was also the site of a natural fault in the rock strata, high enough to give easy access to the bedrock for construction of the foundations.

Several factors weighed on the decision about the type of dam to construct. The structure had to allow for free passage of ice during the spring melt. It had to be removable on short notice, perhaps in a matter of hours, if necessary. Short-term fluctuations in river level caused by atmospheric and wind pressure on Lake Winnipeg, 27 miles to the north, had to be considered too. A caméré dam, with a removable curtain forming a weir, met all the criteria.

The project was constructed in two phases, the first being the construction of the lock and dam between 1900 and 1910 by the federal Department of Public Works. The dam is 788 feet (240 m) long and is supported by seven piers, 50 feet (15 m) high and 131 feet (40 m) apart. A working deck is located below the road deck where a series of removable wood and metal curtains are lowered and operated. Each curtain is made of 50 Douglas Fir ‘laths’ fastened to a cast-iron plate at the bottom. The curtains maintain the river at a navigable depth during the summer months and are rolled up and removed each fall to enable the spring flood waters and ice to pass unimpeded. After the spring run-off has passed, the curtains are lowered, usually in the middle of May, and they rest on a concrete sill at the river bottom. The dam maintains a relatively stable water level at Winnipeg of about 734 feet above sea level.

The adjacent lock section is 215 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 22 feet deep. Water in the lock can be raised or lowered in approximately 10 minutes. Its gates are 13 feet high and are connected by bronze pins and hinges. Completed in early 1910, the first steamer to pass through the locks was the Victoria, on 2 May 1910. The official inauguration did not occur, however, until 14 July 1910 when a large number of federal, provincial, and municipal dignitaries, including Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, traversed the locks aboard the Winnitoba. An example of the envisioned potential that the project would unleash can be seen in the size of some of the newly constructed ships, the largest being the Winnitoba with a capacity of 2,000 passengers and 35 carloads of freight.

In its first year of operation, 1,600 vessels passed through the lock and no tolls were charged for the passage. Several professional journals devoted space to detailed technical descriptions of the project. The prestigious American publication Engineering News even included an eight-page feature on the dam in its October 1910 edition.

The second phase of construction entailed the addition of a vehicular bridge between 1912 and 1913. This brought the total project cost to $3.5 million, or about $93 million in today’s money. The bridge is 270 m long and consists of seven truss spans with the upper cords supporting a road deck and the lower cords supporting a working deck for the dam. To allow for the passage of ships with high masts through the locks, the bridge works over the lock section included a bascule-type hinged apparatus, which raised the road section to allow vessels to pass beneath. A few years later, a fish ladder was added on the east side to enable spawning fish to swim upstream.

By the time the dam and lock were finished, the extension of railway networks throughout Manitoba led to a steady decline in the importance of waterways for the movement of freight and passengers. By the middle of the 20th century, under intense competition from railways and road transportation, use of the locks for economic activity had waned. However, the dam continues to mitigate floods on the Red River. And it was still used by pleasure craft. During the 1990s, between 1,000 to 1,500 boats smaller than 40 feet in length passed through the locks in an average summer season, with an additional 300 to 500 boats larger than 40 feet.

In 1984, the lock gates needed to be replaced. A search found forests near Seattle where suitable Douglas Fir trees, estimated to be 350 years old, could be used to make “dense select structural” timber. In total, 108 of these special timbers—28 feet long, 33 inches wide, and 15 inches deep—were used to reconstruct the gates. Between 1994 and 1999, a full reconstruction of the water control structure was undertaken, at a cost of $20 million.
==What else is there to see==

The area is a nice destination for a Sunday afternoon drive from Winnipeg to enjoy one of the many restaurants in the area.
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:Skinners Hotdog 20190801 Alan Pollard.jpg|border|left|thumb|Footlong hotdog from Skinners Restaurant, August 2019. Photo Credit: Alan Pollard]] </li>

==References==
# http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=4441
# http://www.tac-atc.ca/english/resourcecentre/readingroom/conference/conf2004/docs/s5/bowen.pdf
# http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/11/locks.shtml
# http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=4441
# http://lockportmanitoba.ca/history.swf
# http://www.stclementsheritage.com/index.php/heritage-articles/transportation/influence-of-the-river/st-andrews-lock-and-dam/

==Compiled by==
Alan Pollard, P.Eng. (SM), FEC 
Ryan Bernier, P. Eng. 
Last posting by Glen Cook, P. Eng. (SM), FEC

Laurie River Generating Stations

2018-04-03T23:02:52Z

AJP:

The Laurie River Development is a smaller complex on the Manitoba Hydro System with a capacity of 10 MW producing about 0.3% of total system generation; it is located in northern Manitoba, about 200 km northwest of the city of Thompson, on the Laurie River, which is a left bank tributary of the Churchill River. The site is located within the resource are
of Mathias Colomb Band (Pukatawagan). It is normally accessible only by air for operating staff, although supplies and heavy equipment can be delivered to the development by rail.

== Capacity ==
The total capacity of the two dams is 10 MW.
Laurie River 1, equipped with two 2.5 MW units, two concrete dams about 15 m high and a 5-bay spillway while Laurie
River 2, equipped with one 5 MW unit, three concrete dams about 15 m high, a 5-bay spillway and three embankment dams about 6 to 7 m high.

== Construction ==
The dams were completed in 1952 and 1958 respectively by the Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited to supply their mining operations in the area. They were transferred to Manitoba Hydro on May 1, 1970.[1]

== Laurie River #1 ==
[[File:LaurieRiver1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.0|Laurie River I Generating Station]]

The Laurie River #1 Generating Station is located approximately 200 km (120 miles) northwest of Thompson and approximately 125 km (78 miles) upstream of Southern Indian Lake.
It consists of a two unit powerhouse, a five bay stoplog controlled spillway and three gravity dams. The station has a name plate capacity of 5 MW (7,000 hp). Construction of the station was completed by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited to supply their mining operations in the area.

== Laurie River #2 ==
[[File:LaurieRiver2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.0|Laurie River II Generating Station]]

The Laurie River #2 GS is located approximately 210 km (130 miles) northwest of Thompson and approximately 10 km (6 miles) upstream of Laurie River #1 Generating Station.[2]

== Water Control Structures ==
There are two regulating reservoirs upstream of Laurie River

* Russell Lake, with an embankment dam about 7 m high and a three-bay control structure;
*Eager Lake, with an embankment dam about 6 m high and a two-bay control structure.

In addition, the upper basin of the adjacent Loon River is diverted into Russell Lake by means of two dykes about 9 and 6 m high respectively.

==References==
[1] Manitoba Government http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/licensing/laurie_river1.html
[2] Manitoba Government http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/licensing/laurie_river2.html

[[Category:Civil Engineering]]
[[Category:Mechanical Engineering]]
[[Category:Generating Stations]]

2015-03-15T17:59:29Z

AJP:

While there were several earlier instances of electricity generation in Manitoba, the first hydro-electric dam in the form we now know was on the Little Saskatchewan river, now called the Minnedosa River. Beginning operation in 1900, It served the City of Brandon ( Sorry Winnipeg, the Wheat city gets the honours here ) with 600 kilowatts of power via a 14 kilometre transmission line. The dam was made of wood filled with rocks and seems to have only operated in the summer months. Two units of 300 kilowatts each provided the current which was stepped up to 11kV for transmission along wooden poles to Brandon. There it was brought in to the existing steam generating facility to augment generation in summer. The Little Saskatchewan plant was the brainchild of three men who formed Brandon Electric Light Company Ltd. to provide steam generated power to Brandon around 1889. To increase capacity in summer and keep the costs down, they built the hydro-electric station. The site was decommissioned in 1924 and was probably damaged by the failure of an upstream dam in Minnedosa on 4 May 1948.

==Winnipeg River Development==
Pinawa Generating Station on the Winnipeg River started operation in 1906 by the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, which held a monopoly on transit service, electric power and gas distribution for the City of Winnipeg. The first publicly owned generating station was Pointe Du Bois, upstream from Pinawa. It was completed in 1911 and is still in service today. In the 1920 and 1930s, three more generating stations were built on the Winnipeg River; Great Falls, Seven Sisters and Slave Falls. The four Winnipeg River stations would ultimately produce a total of 445 megawatts.

==Depression, War and Farm Electrification==
The boom of hydro-electric development came to an end with the great depression. In the early 1930s, power to municipalities in Manitoba was a patchwork quilt of contracts with differing rates and terms. The passing of the Municipal Power Commission (MPC) Act in 1931 started the process of bringing uniformity to power service and the MPC was supplying 139 communities by the end of the decade. Under the Act, the MPC sold power directly to end customers rather than to municipalities. City Hydro in Winnipeg remained as a municipal utility.

World War II caused a shortage of available farm hands and farmers petitioned the MPC for access to electricity. As a result, a farm electrification program started in 1945 with the aim of connecting 90% of Manitoba farms to the electric grid. In 1954 when the program ended, Manitoba was the most electrified of the western provinces with 75% of farms connected and a total of 100,000 customers. This was accomplished by careful attention to the economics of farming. Power line extensions were free and the farmer only paid for the in-building wiring and the power consumed.

==The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board==
The success of the Farm Electrification program combined with the post-war boom brought new challenges in the early 1950s. Existing generation capacity would not support the new demand. Three of the largest players, City Hydro, the Winnipeg Electric Company (formerly the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company) and the Manitoba Power Commission along with the provincial government agreed to the creation of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (MHEB) in 1949 to coordinate generation and distribution of power in Manitoba. The first MHEB generating station, Pine Falls entered service in 1951 adding 82 megawatts to the generating capacity of the Winnipeg River. In 1952, Seven Sisters was expanded to 150 megawatts which required the retirement of the first Winnipeg River station, Pinawa. The last station on the Winnipeg River, McArthur Falls, went into service in 1954.

In 1952 and 1953, reorganizations took place which separated the Winnipeg Electric Company's gas and transit operations into the Greater Winnipeg Gas and Greater Winnipeg Transit companies respectively. The remaining electricity operations and assets were amalgamated with the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. City Hydro and the Manitoba Power Commission split the distribution components between the City of Winnipeg and the suburbs along the 1955, pre-Unicity boundaries. City Hydro was renamed Winnipeg Hydro in 1964 and was bought by Manitoba Hydro in 2002.

==Private Generating Stations==
There were several private generating stations built in Manitoba, some of which would become part of the provincial power grid. In 1913, the Minnedosa Hydro Plant was built just north of the town supplying power until 1933. A station was built in 1934-1935 at Kanuchuan Rapids on the Island Lake River to supply power for the new gold mines at Elk Island in God’s Lake. The mine closed in 1943 but the generating station continued to supply some power until at least 1966. There were also two stations built on the Laurie River north of Flin Flon by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. They provided power for mining operations in the 1950s and 1960s. They were transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1970 and are still in service.

==Nelson River Development==
In 1960, the MHEB started operating the Kelsey Generating Station, the first one on the Nelson River, to supply power to the newly developed City of Thompson and the International Nickel Company's operations there. It was followed in 1965 by the Grand Rapids station on the Saskatchewan River. Both were connected to the provincial power grid in 1967 via a 230-kV line that ran between the two. The same line also furnished power to International Nickels's new Soab Lake mine.

Between the times of these two stations, the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Power Commission merged to form Manitoba Hydro. The new utility began to work with power utility companies in the United States through the Mid-continent Area Power Planners (MAPP) on power exchanges with the 22 power utilities in the MAPP. In 1963, a Nelson River Programming Board was created by the Governments of Manitoba and Canada to investigate power development on the Nelson River and transmission of power to southern Manitoba by High Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) transmission. This work came to fruition in 1970 and 1971 with the commissioning of the Kettle Generating station and the first HVdc line from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Two converter stations, Radisson near Gillam and Dorsey north-west of Winnipeg were built to support the connection of the direct current transmission line to the alternating current power grid. A 230kV AC transmission line was completed between Winnipeg and Grand Forks to allow power to be exchanged with utilities in North Dakota and Minnesota.

==Churchill River Diversion and Lake Winnipeg Regulation==
Rather than develop both the Churchill and Nelson Rivers for hydro-electric power, it was more economical to divert some of the water from the Churchill River into the Nelson and place the generating stations on the Nelson River system, comprised of the Rat, Burntwood and Nelson Rivers. Two control structures at Missi Falls and Notigi and a channel from the Churchill River to the Rat River allow water from the Churchill River to be routed into the Nelson River system.

To complete the development of the Nelson River, it was necessary to manage the historical fluctuations in the level of Lake Winnipeg to ensure adequate minimum water flows in the river. The Jenpeg Generating Station and associated Control Structure began operation in 1976 and are used along with three man-made channels to stabilize the level of Lake Winnipeg.

This made possible the operation of the 980 megawatt Long Spruce Generating Station, completed in 1979. During the same period, the second HVdc line was completed from the Nelson River to Winnipeg. Another generating station was planned at Limestone but it was deferred due to low electricity demands and finally started producing power in 1990.

Limestone Generating Station was to be last one to be built in the 20th century. Only one hydro-electric installation, the 200 megawatt Wuskwatim Generating Station on the Burntwood River, has been built since then in Manitoba. Completed in 2012, it is a joint venture between the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation and Manitoba Hydro.

In July of 2014, construction began on Keeyask Generating Station near Gull Lake on the Nelson River. The 695 Megawatt station s a collaborative effort between Manitoba Hydro and four Manitoba First Nations; Tataskweyak Cree Nation, War Lake First Nation, York Factory First Nation and Fox Lake Cree First Nation.

==Acknowledgements==
Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Historical Society

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2015-03-15T17:54:44Z

AJP:

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2015-01-28T00:40:30Z

AJP:

This is a place-holder for a copy of the article "A Brief History of Hydro-Electric Power in Manitoba" which appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional. This entry will contain the text of that article and will be available for additions that space in the KP did not permit. Come back soon. - ''APEGM Heritage Committee''

History Of Electric Power In Manitoba

2015-01-28T00:28:46Z

AJP: Created page with "This is a place-holder for a copy of the article "A Brief History of Hydro-Electric Power in Manitoba" which appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional. Th..."

This is a place-holder for a copy of the article "A Brief History of Hydro-Electric Power in Manitoba" which appeared in the Spring 2015 issue of the Keystone Professional. This entry will contain the text of that article and will be available for additions that space in teh KP did not permit. Come back soon. - ''APEGM Heritage Committee''

2014-11-12T14:54:15Z

AJP: